History of Modern Psychology
Psychology 405
Spring 1995

Instructor
Dr Mark Rilling
Department of Psychology
Michigan State University
East Lansing, MI

REQUIRED TEXTS
Schultz & Schultz, A History of Modern Psychology, Fifth ed. (also on assigned reading under Rilling).
Freud, S., Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, Macmillan

DUE DATES & EXAMINATIONS
An hour examination over the previous block of assignments will be given on:

Friday February 3 ­ 1st paper due
Friday February 10 ­ Exam 1
Friday March 3 ­ Dora paper due
Friday March 17 ­ Exam 2
Friday April 28 ­ Exam 3

There is no cumulative final examination

MAKE­UP POLICY
Students are expected to take tests at the dates and times specified in order to assure fairness to all. A student who misses an examination without prior approval may receive a zero or a substantial penalty on the subsequent make­up. In cases of unavoidable conflict, arrangements should be made with the instructor prior to the date and time of the scheduled examination.

INSTRUCTIONAL OBJECTIVES
The purpose of the course is to provide students with an understanding of the history of modern psychology.

GRADES
Grades are based on total points (Exam 1 + Exam 2 + Exam 3 + papers). There is no extra credit. Please don't ask for extra credit!

PAPERS
There are two papers in this course. The first paper is a concept paper in which you are asked to trace the development of a historical concept. The final version of this paper is due on Friday, Feb. 3.

The second paper is based on Dora, Freud's case study. The final version of this paper is due on Friday, March 3. Additional details about these papers, accompany the handouts for each paper.

When we need to talk
The most frustrating experience in undergraduate instruction is dealing with students who miss exams or fail to meet deadlines for papers. If you wish to avoid draconian penalties we need to talk. Sometimes students enroll for courses when they are sick. Sometimes life is disrupted by unpredictable events. I am here to be a part of your education. I want you to learn this material-­the sooner we talk, the more I can help you. You have the responsibility for contacting me. Otherwise, I will be making a decision about you without the facts. So when we need to talk simply depends upon your starting the conversation.


Assigned Readings
A set of materials is available under Rilling Psychology 405 at the assigned reading desk at the main library.


READING ASSIGNMENTS FOR PSYCHOLOGY 405

Exam I European Roots of Modern Psychology

Jan. 11 ­ Jan. 13 (short week)
Ch. 1, The Study of the History of Psychology ­ pp 1­22
Ch. 2, Philosophical Influences on Psychology ­ 23­52

Jan. 16 ­ Jan. 20
Ch. 3, Physiological Influences on Psychology ­ pp. 53­76

Jan. 23 ­ Jan 27
Ch. 4, The New Psychology ­ pp. 77­112.

Jan. 30 ­ Feb. 3
Ch. 5, Structuralism - pp. 113­141

Feb. 6 ­ Feb. 10
Ch. 6, Functionalism Antecedent Influences - pp. 142­167
Friday, Feb. 10 ­ Exam 1

Exam 2: Roots of Applied Psychology:
Clinical, Industrial, and American Functional Psychology

Feb. 13 ­ Feb. 17
Ch. 13, Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings - pp. 412­457
Freud, Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria - pp. 7­157

Feb. 20 ­ Feb. 24
Ch. 14, Psychoanalysis: Dissenters and Descendants

Feb. 27 ­ March 3
Ch. 7, Functionalism: Development & Founding - pp. 168­209

March 6 ­ March 10
Spring break - no assignments

March 3 ­ March 17
Ch. 8, The Legacy of Functionalism: Applied Psychology ­ 210­257
Friday, March 17 Exam 2


Exam 3: Roots of Modern Viewpoints:
Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, and Cognitive Psychology

March 20­March 24
Ch. 9, Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences - pp. 258­287

March 27 ­ March 31
Ch. 10, Behaviorism: The Beginning - pp. 288­328

April 3 ­ April 7
Ch. 11, Behaviorism: After the Founding. ­ pp. 329­371

April 10 ­ April 14
Ch. 12, Gestalt Psychology ­ pp. 372­411

April 17 ­ April 21
Ch. 15, Beyond the Schools of Thought: More recent developments - pp. 497­533

April 24 ­ 28 Review
Friday, April 28 ­ Exam 3


How to study for examinations in Psych. 405 History of Psychology

The first question a student in a history course asks, is do we need to know names and dates?

You could probably memorize all the names and dates in the book and still perform poorly on the examinations. The purpose of this note is to suggest a more effective strategy than blind memorization of disconnected names, dates, and facts.

Scholtz & Schultz is organized chronologically. Step one is to organize topics within the appropriate time period. For example Charles Darwin and William James made their contributions
toward the end of the 19th century as you will discover when you read Chapter 4.

The examination questions are multiple choice. As you know, in a multiple choice item only one answer is correct and the other answers are distractors. In general the correct answer and the distractors will come from the same chapter.

For some of the questions the answers are a set of names. The task is to associate a psychologist with his contribution. For example Freud is associated with psychoanalysis; Watson, behaviorism; Wundt, with Ganzheit psychology; and Titchener, structural psychology. Those questions are all too easy. An ideal multiple choice item is one that 20­30% of the class will miss. Another strategy is to learn what different people had in common. For example, the three primary founders of psychology were Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, and William James.

There are probably more names in each chapter than you can learn. A useful guide to the importance of an individual is the amount of space devoted to that person. A person who gets a page or even two and whose name occurs repeatedly is more likely to appear on the examination than a person who receives an off­hand mention in a single sentence.

Once you have got started learning the names of the key players during each period, the next step is to get a good grip on the concepts. Most of the key concepts are in italics. Others are listed in boldface type.

How to read each chapter. The more times you read each chapter the better will be your performance on the examinations. Then skim the chapter looking at the chapter headings. Make a list of the key names and key concepts. Read the chapter from beginning to end. Read it again, and again. Start getting the structure of the chapter. Learn the simplest concepts first. Spend more time working on the tough material. Read, read and reread the material. Then review, review & review.

This course is aimed at junior and senior psychology students as one of the last courses in the major. It provides an opportunity for a last synthesis of psychology before graduation. History can be fun!

Let's get started.

Good Luck!

Due Date: Feb. 3, 1995 10 points max

Instructions for Concept paper for Psychology 405
Professor Mark Rilling

The purpose of this paper is to give you an opportunity to enhance your skills in using the library. The paper is simply a means to an end. The task is to write a very short, five page paper on a theme related to the history of psychology. Pick one of the following options.

Option One: Trace the history of a psychological concept

Webster's dictionary defines a concept as "an abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances." Psychology is basically a set of concepts. Each concept has a history. The purpose of this paper is for you to trace the historical development of the concept of your choice.

Step 1: Read the dictionary for model examples. The Dictionary of Concepts in General Psychology by Popplestone and McPherson, 1988, is on Assigned Reading on the first floor of the main library. Use their definitions as a model for your paper. Spend about one hour reading the dictionary. Start with the subject index at the end of the book and browse. Her are a few suggestions: Behaviorism, Consciousness, Defense Mechanisms, Instinct, Intelligence, Introspection, Learning, Memory, and Personality. Ecological and environmental examples are bad examples to be avoided. There is no need to restrict yourself to the words in this dictionary. For example, repression is not in the dictionary, but its history is fascinating and relevant to the question of whether child abuse is ever forgotten.
Notice that tracing the history of a concept is not quite the same as tracing the history of a word. Consider the contemporary concept of personality. The early history of this concept is listed under the word "temperament," while its subsequent development is listed under "personality." In the early history of personality the word "self" was used as a synonym for personality. Therefore a comprehensive paper in personality would consider the concepts behind the words personality, self, and temperament. The unconscious is listed under imperception, an arcane word.

Step 2: Read the Encyclopedia of Human Behavior for model examples.
The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior by V.S. Ramachandran, is on an open shelf in the Social Science and Humanities Library on the Ground Floor (basement) of the West Wing of the main library. As you enter the wing turn right, pass the sign called "Biographies," and you find the encyclopedias for psychology on the second shelf to your left.

Warning: Most of these articles are not written from an historical perspective, so they provide poor models. For our purposes a poor article only describes contemporary research on a topic and omits its history. Good models have a section called "historical perspective" or they begin with a brief history of the topic. Spend about one hour reading the articles with an historical section. Here are some articles that were good models: amnesia, Aphasia, aptitude testing, authoritarianism, behavioral genetics, brain washing, child abuse intelligence, genius, dreaming, and many more because the encyclopedia is a goldmine of ideas. The index of the encyclopedia at the back also has an excellent set of topics. The idea, of course, is to use the references from the encyclopedia to write your own paper, not just to rehash what you read in the encyclopedia.
Please return the encyclopedia to the open shelf when you are finished.

Step 3: Search your topic on PsychINFO. PSYC is the online equivalent of Psychological Abstracts. It includes citations to journal articles, etc for the international literature on psychology and related disciplines. To use the data base, pick up a copy of Library Database Series #14 from the Social Science and Humanities Library. Here is a short set of instructions: 1. When you are in the library in front of a computer screen, press 4 for the DATABASE Selection Menu. 2. Enter PsychINFO. 3. Enter you barcode from your student ID. Suppose you have selected multiple personality as a topic. Type t= multiple personality. Presto! You get 100 references to multiple personality. For help with the PsycINFO, contact any social science/humanities reference librarian or Kate Corby at 432-1442.
Step 4 (Optional). Check out your topic with me. If you have selected an unworkable topic, I can save you time by helping you refine it. I may be able to suggest some papers on a topic to you. You can catch me most easily before or after class.

Step 5 Finally: Select a Topic. Pick a concept. If you are interested in clinical psychology consider tracing the history of a particular type of mental illness. If you are planning a career in the law or criminal justice consider the history on the insanity defense, the psychology of the jury, the psychology of the detection of lying the psychology of the child is a witness. The law librarian is Jon Harrison at 355­6669. Papers in the Psychological Bulletin and the American Psychologist are often written from an historical perspective. Take a look at these journals for ideas.

Step 6: Write the Paper. Using Popplestone and McPherson's definitions as a model write a five page paper. The heart of your paper will trace the historical development of the concept from it's introduction into psychology to the present day and tract any changes in meaning over time. This paper should identify the researchers who made the contributions and specify the type of data or research that contributed to the development of the concept. List the closely related concepts. Are there any concepts that compete with your concept? Does the concept have an opposite such as nature vs nurture or learning vs instinct? Don't write a paper that is contemporary. How a concept develops across time is what makes a paper historical.
Part II Sources Consulted and Annotated Bibliography. This section combines Popplestone and McPherson's references and Sources of Additional Information. List the references you actually read in alphabetical order and provide a descriptive sentence for each. Please don't ask how many references you need.



Option Two: Trace the Development of One of the Fields of Psychology

Ernest R. Hilgard's Psychology in America is also on assigned reading. This textbook in the history of psychology is organized around the different fields of psychology. For example chapters 14­19 are organized around the various fields of psychology such as personality, developmental psychology, social psychology, clinical psychology, industrial and organizational psychology. For example you could work on the nature­nurture issue, the history of the psychoanalytic movement or any topic that catches your eye from Hilgard's table of contents. You could also select a concept by looking at the back of the book at the subject index from pages 991­1009. Behaviorism, hypnotism, multiple personality, parapsychology, psycholinguistics, and projective tests, and subliminal perception are a few of the terms that jump off the page. If you select a topic from Hilgard, then find and read the references he cites as a guide to your paper. Next follow the instructions for Option One for writing the paper.


Option Three: Concepts from the Early Journals in Psychology

The founding of MSU predates the founding of psychology. We have a magnificent collection of old journals, some of which go back to the 19th century. Consider the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, the Journal of Applied Psychology, the Psychological Review, an the American Journal of Psychology. You could select one of these journals and write a paper based on the early issues of these journals. On the subject of journals: Isis, History of Science, Medical History, and especially the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Science are journals where professionals publish papers on the history of psychological topics.
You could begin in the stacks with a journal that has been published for over 100 years and follow a topic forward. For example the American Journal of Psychology was founded by G. Stanley Hall in 1887. Some of the most famous benchmark papers in the history of psychology and published in this journal. Cattell, a rival and competitor of Hall founded the Psychological Review in 1894. Today, the Psychological Review is the best journal for psychological theory. The flagship theoretical journal in psychology is the Psychological Review. Check out its early issues. Do you have an applied bent? What topics first captured the attention of applied psychologists? Check out the Journal of Applied Psychology.


Option Four: Feminist and Ethnic History

Psychology was founded by white males who were influenced by European ideas about philosophy and science. Given MSU's commitment to multiculturalism, I want you to consider an option of writing the story of those who are sometimes left out of the official histories. Feminists are hard at work on the contribution of women to psychology. For example, you could tell the tale of the "Mothers of Psychoanalysis." Books have been devoted to the contributions of blacks and Asians, and others left out. This is one of the hot topics in current thinking about the history of psychology. Chapter 15 of Schultz and Schultz provides balance by considering the contributions of African­Americans and women to the history of psychology. Fascinating topics would include tracing the contribution of women to psychoanalysis, see pp. 456­7 of your textbook for suggested readings on Psychoanalysis, and clinical psychology and the barriers encountered by the first blacks who earned Ph.D.'s in psychology. The suggested readings on pp 532­533 could get you off to a good start on this topic.


Option Five: Your historical idea

Perhaps the best topic is your historical theme that does not fit within the above framework.


Additional Suggestions for Topics

Select the topic in psychology that you find most fascinating. This is an advanced course for psychology majors so pick a topic that you found interesting in another course. Check the index of the text from one of you previous courses. For example, if you are interested in abnormal, or clinical psychology trace the development of a particular type of mental illness, therapy, or concept from clinical psychology. Multiple books have been devoted to the history of hysteria. In MAGIC, MSU's electronic card catalog, you could type in your concept and see how many books turn up. Multiple personality, anorexia nervosa, hypnosis, and insanity each have long histories.
If you are interested in children you could select a particular stage of development such as adolescence. If you are interested in industrial psychology or labor and industrial relations, you could trace the history of the field. If you want to be a clinician, consider tracing the history of psychotherapy. If you are quantitatively inclined, consider tracing the development of quantitative methods in psychology.
The easiest assignment is to select one of the terms from Popplestone and McPherson. If one of their terms in your selection, make sure that your writing and the ideas you express are yours and not a paraphrase of Popplestone and McPherson. Then you could supplement and update their treatment by reading their references and using the Psychological Abstracts or PsychLit.

How to Find a Topic

You could begin with a contemporary source and trace the topic backward. See the Annual Reviews of Psychology or the Psychological Abstracts. The Psychological Abstracts are located in the Social Science and Humanities Library on the Ground Floor. You can get into electronic searches of a data base with the PsychLit. The PsychLit is located in the basement of the West Wing of the Library and the staff of the Social Science and Humanities Reference will provide you with instructions on its use.

Grading the Concept Paper

My intention for you is that you are really not writing this paper for a grade. MSU wants a writing component in 400 level courses and employers want to hire students who can think and express themselves. None of the papers you will read for this assignment was written for a grade. I am trying to give you a meaningful academic assignment; so your grade is a necessary, but perfunctory component of the assignment. The purpose of this paper is to add a small increment to your ability to think and to write. Quality writing is very frustrating, painful, and takes tons of time. Don't be afraid to put yourself, your ideas, your writing style, and your views into the paper.
A really great exceptional paper will receive the maximum credit: 10 points; garbage writing and thinking, earns a garbage grade. Grading Criteria: quality of historical scholarship, organization, quality of writing, originality.


Plagiarism­­­the 0.0 paper

Writing is hard work. Plagiarism is an academic crime. It is theft of somebody else's work and presenting it as your own. Webster defines plagiarism as "to steal and pass off the ideas or words of another as one's own or to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source." When you use another author's works in your paper be sure and use quotation marks. When you use another author's ideas, mention the author and the reference. Example, Popplestone and McPherson (1988) point out that the concept of emotions reached a dead end when investigators who researched the concept but failed "to uncover either physiological changes or expressions that are unique to different emotions" (p. 114). Interestingly enough emotion has recently returned to favor as a topic as you can discover if you consult a recent issue of the Psychological Abstracts.


Form of the paper

Handwritten papers are not acceptable. When you land a job, I hope that you will find word processors at your work site. We want papers that are typewritten or run off on a word processor.


Deadlines

Turn in the final polished version on the date indicated on the Syllabus: Feb. 3 (10 points maximum). If you give me your topic or an outline well before the deadline, I might be able to give you some feedback before you write the final version.


Late Papers

We will slash points off a late paper. Don't risk our ire. Printers have a sensor that detects when a paper is due and they always break before the deadline. Arrange to run off your final paper a couple of days before our final deadline. Turn in your paper to me personally in class. I may not find a paper shoved under my office door, handed to my secretary, or placed in my mailbox. Just in case your paper gets lost, always retain a duplicate copy of your paper.


Mistakes to Avoid

1. Be sure to include a bibliography of the references you consulted at the end of your paper. Consult a journal published by the American Psychological Association such as the Psychological Bulletin for a proper bibliographic form.

2. You give us a nonhistorical paper. History is ideas through time, so the task is to show how an idea has changed over time. Therefore a nonhistorical paper will receive a low grade. Suppose you select alcoholics anonymous as a topic because you are an alcoholic. You write about your experiences in AA, but your paper does not mention who founded AA, its history, or contain any discussion of the history of alcoholism. You could write a fine paper about AA, but use an historical perspective.
Suppose you select child abuse as a topic and you write a paper about your personal experiences and you write a paper from a contemporary perspective that would be excellent for a course in abnormal psychology. This would be a weak paper for a course in the history of psychology. An excellent paper could be written on child abuse, but it would trace the history of the family, identify when psychologists got interested in the topic, and relate the developments in the law to concern about child abuse.

3. You write a paper on a topic that is not related to the history of psychology. An example would be turning in a paper that looks to us like you wrote it last term for a course in sociology or another course in psychology.

4. You simply rewrite something from a dictionary or encyclopedia without any original thinking or reading any of the papers cited in these publications.

5. You fail to provide headings for your paper so that it appears unorganized. Provide headings.
Psychology 405 Dr. Rilling
Dora
Due Date: March 12
Total Maximum Points = 15

Assignment: Write a 5­10 page paper that provides an historical analysis of Freud's case of Dora. The criteria for grading Dora are the same as those for the concept paper. I am looking for good writing, clear thinking, and your ability to use historical concepts.

Why a paper on Dora? My colleague in our department Bert Karon, a Freudian psychoanalyst tells me that the best way to understand Freud is to read his case studies. Students in psychoanalytic training at psychoanalytic institutes read Freud's case studies to sharpen their clinical skills. Now you will see one of the most brilliant minds in the history of psychology at work. Many undergraduate courses in feminism now include a paper on Dora because her case illuminates contemporary issues between men and women.

Conceptual Prerequisites: First read Ch. 13, Psychoanalysis: The Beginnings, from your textbook. Then read Dora. Dora is a short story that you can read in about two hours. Keep a list of the terms you don't understand. The following terms: screen­memory, transference, the Oedipus complex, repression, Freud's interpretation of dreams, etc will crop up in Dora. You can't fully understand Freud until you understand the terms he uses. Most of you have a good background in psychoanalytic concepts from previous courses. If you want to review these terms, consult a good dictionary of psychology. Several are available in the reference library for Social Sciences in the basement of the library. There are also lots of good psychoanalytic primers available at bookstores.

The Dora Literature: Purchase and read Dora: An Analysis of a Case of Hysteria. There is a large collection of secondary literature on Dora. Your paperback contains an introduction written in 1962 by Philip Rieff. Some of the secondary literature on Dora is on assigned reading under my name at the library. Look over this material. Here is a guide to this material.
In Dora's Case: Freud­Hysteria­Feminism edited by Berhneimer and Kahane. The chapters in this book exemplify what your text calls presentism. They view Freud from the present, from a contemporary feminist perspective. See especially the chapter of Toril Moi. Freud makes an easy target for these critics, it seems that he can't get anything right. You can evaluate these chapters from the perspective of Chapter 1 of your textbook.
In 1991 Hanna Decker published a whole book devoted to Dora called Freud, Dora, and Vienna 1900. This book provides background on the status of Jews in Vienna and the treatment of hysteria prior to Freud.
Finally Lisa Appignanesi and John Forrester have published Freud's Women. Their chapter on Dora is on assigned reading. It is a balanced discussion of Dora, and reveals her real identity.


Suggestions for the paper

Organize your concepts! Organize your concepts!

How you write the paper is up to you. However a paper that just runs on for 10 pages without any categories will not produce much of a grade. I want you to focus on some, of the issues raised by Dora. Select several issues raised by the case and use these as headings for your paper. The choice of the issues is yours. The following is a list of potential issues. You may select several issues from the list below or write about issues that you identify. Don't try to address all of these issues. A reference list at the end of the paper will include Dora and any other references you read in preparing your paper.

The plagiarism policy, rules about late papers, etc. for the concept paper applies to this assignment.

1. List all of the causes of hysteria identified by Freud. Which cause does he consider most important and which causes does he consider less important? See p. 39 for sexual trauma as a cause. Childhood masturbation is mentioned as a cause of hysteria on p. 94 & 100. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the case study method for identifying the causes of mental illness and evaluating the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

2. Freud's treatment of Dora was incomplete and problematic from his point of view. Why did he publish it? See pp. 135­136.

3. Dora is written to persuade. Describe Freud's literary style and devices. What makes him so convincing?

4. Freud's case studies are vehicles for proving his theories. Which of his theories is Freud advocating in this case?

5. Why did Dora break off treatment? How did Freud react to her termination? Was Dora "cured" when she left Freud's care? See the Second Dream and the Postscript.

6. Which aspects of treatment does Freud explicitly conceal from the reader?

7. Transference is mentioned by Freud. An example of Dora's transference is her treating Freud as she would treat her father. Transference is one of the hallmarks of Freudian psychoanalysis. Countertransference refers to Freud's feelings toward Dora or Freud's own problems with women intruding into the analysis. See p. 138 for Freud's discussion of transference. Countertransference may lead to errors in the analysis. Freud did not use the word "countertransference" in Dora, but Dora is permeated with issues of countertransference. Describe the issues of transference and countertransference in Dora.

8. You already know that Freud's primary concept was the unconscious. How are Dora's unconscious processes linked to her hysteria?

9. What are Dora's symptoms? Which behavior from Dora led her to Freud's door?

10. Compare Freud's discussion about Dora's father with his discussion of Dora's mother. Look at the adjectives.

11. Was Freud Dora's agent or her father's agent?

12. What is repression and why does it produce psychopathology? See p. 67 & 72 for a brilliant discussion of repression. What is the role of memory in hysteria?

13. Dora was Jewish as was Freud. What was the status of Jews in Vienna in 1900? What was the status of women in Vienna in 1900? What were the marriage customs in Vienna in 1900 and what impact did these customs have on Dora?

14. Freud's Theory of Dreams Freud published The Interpretation of Dreams in 1899. Dora was published shortly thereafter in 1901. Freud's theory of dreams was that the "Dream was the Fulfillment of a Wish." Dora has two dreams each of which is interpreted by Freud. What are Dora's dreams and how does Freud interpret each? Does Dora accept Freud's interpretation?

15. Dora was Jewish, but she later converted to Christianity. What is the significance of Dora's viewing the famous Sistine Madonna in the Dresden art gallery?

16. Much of the fascination of this case comes from Freud's mistakes. Which mistakes did Freud admit and which mistakes have been pointed out by others?

17. One of the themes of this case is friendship and betrayal. Who betrayed Dora?

18. Homosexuality is one of the themes of this case. See p. 142. What leads Freud to conclude that "homosexual love was the strongest unconscious current in her mental life" (p. 142)

19. Did Freud help or hurt Dora? What does Freud do to make Dora's symptoms disappear. See p. 65 for an example.

20. Dora is saturated with sexuality. How does Freud deal with this issue?

21. Family Values Family values loom large in this case. Freud dealt with the individual only. Could he have treated Dora's family?

22. "in such a case 'No' signifies the desired 'Yes'" (Freud, 1963 p. 76) Freud believed that sometimes when his patients said "No" they really meant "Yes". In the area of sexual assault the issue of the women's consent is critical. In therapy do patients sometimes say the opposite of what they mean? Evaluate how Freud treats this issue?

23. Evaluate the issue of Freud's use of the Oedipus myth as it applies to men and women and particularly to Dora. See p. 73.

24. Dora's real name was Ida Bauer. Compare the life of Ida Bauer with Freud's Dora.

25. How do you account for the intense interest in this case by historians?

26. What is your personal perspective on Dora?

27. How has knowledge about female adolescence, psychotherapy, the status of women etc changed since Freud's day. See p. 77. Put yourself in Freud's shoes. Suppose Dora appeared at your office today. How would your treatment differ from Freud based on what we have learned during the past 100 years?